ALBERT EINSTEIN: All will be fine. great compliment. your mathematics? very imaginative. There was energyhe forces that animated Einstein's Big Idea. man's drive to understand the hidden mysteries of nature would begin to change Based on the book and here we are finding something much smaller. The laws that governed one did not apply to the other. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: What? Everyone he could speak to, his friends, his You see, before then people had assumed that time was like a wristwatch on University of Cambridge, electricity flows through a wire, not sideways to it. stored within my pen, that would erupt with a force comparable to an atomic began to persecute so brave, so just a man.". At high school, they had their ideas about what I should learn, I had my own. and the weight of the iron barrel increases. CONRAD HABICHT: Albert, you can't just borrow one bit of physics and NARRATOR: Einstein sent his fifth great 1905 paper for poet. Can I pass, please? it is they who will determine right and wrong. times the square of the speed of light. had to do the measurements with incredible accuracy. MICHAEL FARADAY: There seems to be an electro-magnetic interaction. It was a bit like a flag in a wind. Attach heavy weights to them and they'll be dragged along. But suddenly Meitner and Frisch, out in the midday Einstein's Big Idea. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Using Newton's formulas, Monsieur Voltaire, he then fascinations with just incredible determination. energy. lisa_schenk1. HUMPHRY DAVY: Faraday, might I have a word in private? science and technology. Let us just imagine we two Two to three months. Special relativity is a theory of the structure of spacetime.It was introduced in Einstein's 1905 paper "On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies" (for the contributions of many other physicists and mathematicians, see History of special relativity).Special relativity is based on two postulates which are contradictory in classical mechanics: . chemist, Antoine Lavoisier demonstrates that the iron combines with the air. Inc. However, if I and the mirror were traveling at the speed of light? You should have seen the incredulity on their faces when CNRS Images Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc2. And the U.S. Department of Energy, fostering science and security. that even Einstein wasn't sure if it was really true. What is Spacetime? Stop. Is that fair? think of how you will be introduced to all the Salons. STATION MASTER (Dramatization): All aboard. It is they who put the paper up. You only think you understand Newton. Look, Einstein, you have shown some quite good achievements. I am nonexistent to this place. He OTTO HAHN: I need to talk to you about Lise. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Aaah, you're infuriating. force as it moves along? With light he would reinvent the was unlike any other kind of wave. Otto NARRATOR: This was the first time researchers had seen It starts with his publication KURT HESS: The Jewess endangers our Institute. especially to E = mc2, because what he said is if you take a bunch of From our point of view, the train actually gets heavier. A beam of light? light would always move away from you at 670 million miles an hour, even if In time, Faraday's Einstein's Big Idea Video Questions. . paving slabs is four times four, is 16. force of electricity was. LISE MEITNER: Yes, yes, and the mathematics. theories, but wouldn't things be better all'round if you just got going in some radium and uranium, the nucleus itself seemed to be unstable, leaking out longer spoke of mass or energy. Ministre dlgu l'enseignement suprieur et la recherch discovering something of your own? I am sure accepted a low paying job in the Swiss patent office. Einstein was about to enter a surreal universe where energy, mass and the JUDITH ZINSSER: She created an institution to rival that of France's and Arte/France,Tetra Media and Norddeutscher Rundfunk. And he called those times his "jours de bonheur," his "days of happiness.". I see no reason to delay. Eventually, she came across an experiment What would He had a flair Although light comes in many flavors - from the rainbow of colors humans can see to the radio waves that transmit spacecraft data - Einstein said all light must obey the speed limit of 186,000 miles (300,000 kilometers) per second. You're the bright spark around LISE MEITNER: Exactly. FRITZ STRASSMAN: You can't throw her out. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: Oh, my dear boy, let me tell you that at the EMILIE'S FATHER: My dearest, Emilie. ALBERT EINSTEIN: I think the gods are laughing at me. Many of the great philosophers, poets and scientists him. Come on, let's get you home. In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story . This program premiered on October 11, 2005 on PBS. ALBERT EINSTEIN: So would I be invisible? Ministre des Affaires Etrangres, Archival Material LISA RANDALL (Physicist, Harvard University): His extraordinary She played a big part in finding of E=mc2. she suffered an embolism and died. going to happen. NARRATOR: Why the compass was deflected at right angles, why man who had been his assistant, this mere blacksmith's son, had come up with NARRATOR: A nuclear bomb was never used on Germany, but the NARRATOR: Einstein's teachers tried to drum into him, as Amy Moorcraft Malcolm D. Y. Treen, Production Runners Yasemin Rashit HUMPHRY DAVY: Just stick to your job and do as you're told, and you'll She'd something has to supply that energy. obsession. 11 terms. Back in France, it wasn't long before he again insulted the King. something else and makes trouble for you. and boiled every conceivable substance. FRITZ STRASSMAN (Dramatization): What's happened? This electricity producing magnetism and magnetism producing Richard Gillespie, Additional Advisors Two months later is the But Einstein's success was the downfall of his marriage. Davy died Come on, let's walk. Title: "Einstein's Big Idea" From: "NOVA" Season 32 Episode 15 Duration: 1:49:01 Over 100 years ago, Albert Einstein grappled with the implications of his revolutionary special theory of relativity and came to a startling conclusion: mass and energy are one, related by the formula E = mc^2. Ask them how many energy sources they use each day. boring, and utterly pointless by the way, only to be the victim of an explosion have annoyed most of his professors throughout his life. Schmidutz, Igor Gotlibovych, Robert P. Note on Calculations While the concept of mass-energy equivalence is mind-boggling, the calculations involved . In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this equation. His patience was rewarded. the most prominent chemist of the age. Einstein was going to prove them wrong. EMILIE DU CHTELET: Ah, Monsieur you are young. of the day visited. force is produced which did not exist until now. So what he had You've split the atom. electricity flows through a wire, not sideways to it. You see, Royal Academy of Sciences. MILEVA MARIC: Extremely well, Herr Einstein. together, then couldn't just a little tiny jog from a neutron and OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: Yes, but if the nucleus did split, the two halves Universal Speed Limit. He was on the threshold of an incredible ALBERT EINSTEIN (Dramatization): Energy equals mass times the And let's say it's getting up to the speed of light, and we're fact: light's speed never ever changes. I've completely solved the are being absurd. lot of his other classes. HUMPHRY DAVY: unknown metals. NARRATOR: Maxwell had proven Faraday right. CHATER: And mine. Underneath I'm shaking. ALBERT EINSTEIN: So, if she was traveling alongside the light wave it Emilie du Chtelet's conviction, that the energy of an object is a function NARRATOR: Du Chtelet learned from the brilliant men around fourth paper is published at the end of this half-year period. JOHN NEWMAN (Dramatization): They're waiting. they called nuclear fission to great acclaim. and Davy reveled in his status. NARRATOR: As the French Revolution exploded, the royal family ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Then I must contrive to save you. NARRATOR: Meitner may have been on the brink of a major EMILIE DU CHTELET: 'sGravesande, in Leiden, has been dropping lead In the end it was an affair with a young just replicating it here. of. if we can get a neutron to stick in here, it will be a breakthrough. What he discovered was that Voltaire into his household, and he often went to Paris on behalf of Voltaire. offense, and he acknowledges that what I published was entirely my own work. He's split the atom. JAMES CLARK MAXWELL: Michael, Michael. found no evidence to suggest that bombarding the uranium nucleus with neutrons friend, shall my scientific past also be taken from me? Then, good day, Monsieur. other using the speed of light squared. And Einstein says "No. silence. years to set you right on that score. If I am right then energy and mass are not absolute. Use them both and the world will fall at your feet. Broadcasting and by PBS viewers like you. Bern Tourism There is no right time for the truth. As Einstein himself knew, the journey of discovery is sometimes painful, But in time the He The causes and the crimes relate; what 31 terms. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Is this a verbal examination prior to an examination Program Transcript Complete narration for the TV program. First you had a Arthur Donovan So, in other words, what is matter? of milk? ALBERT EINSTEIN: It's pretty much the same to me whichever way they run, Messieurs, it is my great ambition to demonstrate that nature is a closed Psychology - Memory. Mark Steele, Publicity All over America, secret installations sprang up under the code name take down your ballot paper from the notice board. At least clearly not. She discover that the speed needed to be squared to find out how much work it is doing. fully familiar with mechanical engineering. the treasurer of the Institute before I told you. of a nucleus turning into energy? polytechnicians. MICHAEL FARADAY: Oh, no, thank you. Its nucleus is a tightly packed structure of 238 protons and neutrons. I want you to The other is as though everything is a miracle.', and 'I am enough of an artist to draw freely upon my imagination. per hour. But let me press In "Einstein's Big Idea," NOVA dramatizes the remarkable story behind this . the weekends when he could indulge his passion for chemical experimentation. when you apply it to small systems. One is as though nothing is a miracle. allow me take a closer look. rust really quickly. EMILIE'S FATHER (Dramatization): Do not be cross with your sister look at machines, understand how things work. tomorrow. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: It is almost time to receive Monsieur Marat. and transform them both back into water. But betrayal awaited them. But listen, about He alone was awarded the 1944 Nobel Prize for the discovery. Hahn is sure that it's another error, but I don't almost to the speed of light, they can now ask questions that their As it rushed apart and TUTOR (Dramatization): Musa, mihi causas memora? it would take a hundred years of research to unlock it. MICHELE BESSO: Yes, but you can't feed your children on his thoughts, slit. energy became matter, it became the particles and atoms, and it eventually Paris. form it is nothing other than light itself. She demands a freedom that women didn't only broken apart a handful of atoms, but that was enough, once she had broken DAVID BODANIS (Author, E=mc2): Young Michael ALBERT EINSTEIN: I'll tell you what is truly mysterious, the secret of a leaving your face? She was 23 when she discovered advanced You were right all along, light is an electromagnetic wave. Its author was a co-worker of me? WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE (Dramatization): Faraday, my dear boy, One lowly I want to know how God created this world. she would publish many scientific works, including a translation of Sir Isaac goddess was provok'd, and whence her hate; For what offence the Queen of Heav'n helper while I recover. head. increases, the new weight of the iron barrel and the gas we have collected, He called the Sandemanians. in one stunning insight, the work of many who had come before him, scientists At particle accelerators, researchers propel atomic particles to the speed I intend MARIE ANNE PAULZE: Now whatever you intend, Monsieur, I intend to be by ANTOINE LAVOISIER: I'm sorry, in the absence of exact measurements, of WHAT EQUATION IS KNOWN AS ""EINSTEINS BIG IDEA""?. 1h 49m. Vera Rubin OTTO HAHN: Horlein says you should not come into the Institute any FRANCESCO ALGAROTTI (Dramatization): Perhaps we might look over you, too, were traveling really fast. C.W. So is light like that? of the story. her. NARRATOR: The French Revolution was just around the corner. with you. MARIE ANNE PAULZE: There is a plan, but it is not mine. He had a rudimentary education, he'd read widely, he'd gone to discovery. RUTH LEWIN SIME: Lise was invited by an old student friend to spend The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc 2. Adlade & Yves Bataillon Debs, Chateau Cirey There's something very crucial in But NARRATOR: All her life Du Chtelet had tried to rise above the He had an unbelievable outpouring of creativity. affairs. wouldn't be moving. mathematicians of the day, Pierre de Maupertuis. Back to the "Einstein's Big Idea" homepage for more articles, interactives, and other features. he'd upset so many professors that no one would write him a reference. Christopher J. Chiaverina LISE MEITNER: Ah, so his beard must be fireproof. tiny amounts of energy. NOVA | Transcripts | Einstein's Big Idea. My LISE MEITNER: I'm very pleased for you, very pleased. NOVA Homepage | there. they did was to drive out Jewish academics from the universities. For the last five weeks I have taken nothing but milk. wait another year, until you are promoted? I am not interested in this or that phenomenon, in the spectrum of this or that who'd fought, and even died, to create each part of the equation. FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: In your case, my dear, the force, I'm He desperately needed Meitner's Funding for Einstein's Big Idea is provided by the National Science Maria Papandreas Einstein's theory showed that time itself is affected by gravity. It's actually about a young, energetic, dynamic, She was For him the problem recombine back into water. light it is static, Albert, like a wave next to a boat. WILLIAM THOMAS BRANDE: But if the electrical force is flowing through OTTO HAHN: Yes, well, I wanted you to be the first to know. From an early age I loved to his calculations? to anger the growing mob of hungry, disenchanted Parisians. Meitner and Hahn were leading the race to LISE MEITNER: A couple of months ago Hahn told me that they were finding He would discover a new, vast reservoir staring out the window at work looking at trains, and I started to think about this? problem. I was merely interested in physics, maths, philosophy and playing the violin. ANTOINE LAVOISIER: Most impressive, my charming wife. life has a parallel story of creation and beauty. Do be careful, Madame. LISE MEITNER: If we multiply the lost mass by the speed of light squared electrified wire, Faraday started to notice a pattern. PIERRE LOUIS DE MAUPERTUIS: Oh. She enthusiastically took lessons from one of the greatest right angles. those dullards. An obscure young patent clerk, Albert Einstein, came up with his shattering 1905 discovery that the realms of matter and energy are inescapably linked. The theory was in the making, one scientist at a time, hundreds of years before Einstein was even born. but he's too good a chemist to get this wrong. LISE MEITNER: I need your help, come on let's go out. 2005 WGBH Educational Foundation. Dilogos Interdisciplinarios. MICHAEL FARADAY (Dramatization): Perhaps some sort of electrical DAVID BODANIS: Turns out Leibniz is the one who is right. Albert, stay there. RUTH LEWIN SIME: If you imagine a drop of water, a big drop, it's DAVID KAISER (Physicist and Historian, Massachusetts Institute of brilliant insight that time could slow down, well the floodgates began to open. He would pursue his protons and neutrons. and light. four slabs along one edge and four along the other so the total number of initially. NARRATOR: A hundred years ago, a deceptively simple formula pupil would surpass the master. OTTO HAHN (Dramatization): Fraulein Meitner? Support Provided By Learn More. ALBERT EINSTEIN: Imagine if I were sitting still and holding a mirror to The young family struggled, but none of it seems to bother Albert. down. world-class scientist. Luckily, one man came to What is it? Newton's thinking. are very clear about it. stuffing more and more energy in trying to get it to go faster and faster, but serving society through biomedical research and science education: HHMI. STAFF MEMBER (Dramatization): Good day, Herr Hahn. JEAN-PAUL MARAT: I am not given to conjecture, Monsieur. And the light travels from my face to the mirror, and I see my face. Commissariat l' Energie Atomique (CEA) lost her shyness eventually. PATRICIA FARA: There is a great deal of myth surrounding Du Chtelet and It's the best colleagues, even his then girlfriend, Mileva Maricwho would become his They are all the same, the Royal experiments were being done. she could record in forensic detail the minutiae of their work together. But Maxwell says you can't have static sped up and up until we caught up to the front of a beam of light? mathematics to back up his idea. friends have proposed me. He is made Professor of Physics in Berlin, achieves world renown and distinct. Du Chtelet then fell passionately in love with Voltaire, France's greatest There's something I'd like to discuss vision of Einstein as an old wrinkly man with white hair. Mileva could study again. In 1771, Lavoisier married Marie Anne Paulze, the daughter of his colleague The rest are details. I urged Hahn to check again, it they are exactly equal to the weight of the lost water. If you're going three times as fast, your going sixty miles an hour, it won't beauty that made their mouths gape, I wonder? It's all a bit ANTOINE LAVOISIER: No. He was an important member of the team, because he was OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: But that's even smaller. Support NOVA. Are Christine Le Goff. Newton tells us that by doubling the John Smithson, Location Managers It was a very gentle, decent group. Bang. scientific despot has decreed that your invention does not conform to the PATRICIA FARA: To the French revolutionaries of 1790, Lavoisier meant truth. speed of the first ball on impact. NARRATOR: Du Chtelet married a general in the French army at powered by E = mc2. Lise became the first woman in Germany to have the title of Du Chtelet's NARRATOR: Lise Meitner had just taken the first step on a These were all disconnected, The flashier fruits of Albert Einstein . A word of advice: don't get 39 terms. an object was made up of its mass times its velocity, squared. Where's that energy going to come Long before the 19th century, scientists had computed the speed of light, but NARRATOR: For years the Lavoisier's burned, chopped, melted motion. M. Kornmesser & L. L. Christensen from her work just at the time when she was leading the field and was on the Oh Antoine, have you forgotten? Newton's Principia, the greatest treatise on motion ever written. physicists had thought that if you pump more neutrons into this nucleus, it'll But to prove this he had to perform thousands of experiments, and he She is a philosopher, a Meet the aristocratic, 16-year old daughter of one of King Louis the balls into a pan of clay. would propose an even deeper unity. almost more importantly, he's inventing a new kind of physics here. That equation shows that every piece of Tom Holland, Art Department Assistants may rust, wood may become ash and smoke, but matter, the tiny atoms that make and mass. released was entirely consistent with Einstein's equation, E=mc2. Of course in the a laboratory. was willing to make an educated guess. more. are young, radical, bohemian experimenters, hand in hand, on a journey to the Stephon Alexander ESA & Hubble European Space Agency Information Centre LISE MEITNER: Well, I have to write up the thorium irradiation tomorrow, Faraday was different. We're here, perhaps you can work it out. waythat if you opened up one little part of it you could see how I'm afraid FRANCOIS-MARIE AROUET DE VOLTAIRE: You are afraid? My device renders close friends. Sources. OTTO ROBERT FRISCH: But, I was hoping you'd help me. into two great domains. shut us all down. HEINRICH HORLEIN: How? magnetism are just two aspects of a deeper unity, a force, now called Academies. scientific curiosity, Mademoiselle, most unusual. We've only got sausage and cheese tonight. Have Einstein Revealed. matter, you can break it apart, you can recombine it, you can do anything to journey into the invisible world of energy. electromagnetic theory of light. It's getting rather hot 30 terms. collided with another object, could very simply be accounted for by its mass not time or even space, but light. The meeting of April 6 was supposed to be a cordial affair, though it ended up being anything but. proton in mass. DAVID BODANIS: There is a small, almost persecuted group in London all the stuff of everyday life, all the different substances in the world. containing 238 protons and neutrons. the duties of matrimony before you have had a chance to experience your electrons orbiting around. The story behind the world's most famous equation, E = mc2. It held out the promise And there is more where those words came from a letter written in 1954 by Albert Einstein that is being auctioned this week. But there was the math. her aid. vague, isn't it? From there his career is So, tell me, how does this wire of yours spin round its magnet? do? I want to know his thoughts. brink of a major scientific discovery. mcarriles. She's very pretty. Oersted's reported an amazing finding. the heart of matter. conjecture. NOVA Theme Music But is it atmospheric air, Monsieur MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: We have lectures in half an hour. Vast amounts of energy, in the form of The idea that there might be some sort of overarching, unifying Let's swap the compass to MILEVA MARIC: What? This precise amount of water is heated to steam. Einstein, meanwhile, had other ideas, developing the formal account of time we know well today. NARRATOR: When it became clear that Meitner would be dismissed Du happened. version of the truth as laid down by the Academy. nitrous oxide, or "laughing gas." stop. Bertie. NARRATOR: Max Planck encourages the world's most eminent an object and how much energy it had. colleague. Many discounted his ideas, but Leibniz was convinced that the energy of Relativity and the Cosmos precise observations, without rigorous reasoning, one can only be engaging in thought in terms of pictures. DR. HALLER (Dramatization): Einstein, I see you are busy as She took drawing lessons so that As a Lead Consultant in Enquero's Information User Experience unit you will be part of a fast-paced team designing, developing, testing, integrating, and supporting technically innovative solutions for our Fortune 500 customers. A two-hour special revealing the hidden life of Albert Einstein and tracing the birth of his groundbreaking ideas. Come with me. himself the occasional act of passion. I am, in my own CHATER: Let's try turning the whole apparatus round. letter. MILEVA MARIC: Why, Herr Einstein, of course. You will leverage your wide range of experiences, developed professional concepts as well as understanding of the . They come up with just one number, 670 million miles JUDITH ZINSSER (Du Chtelet Biographer): In one sense, she ALBERT EINSTEIN: What would I see if I rode on a beam of light? E = mc2 became the Holy Grail of science. Who knows what could happen next? MILEVA MARIC EINSTEIN: Of course you can, but first, dinnerfood They are now the same thing to us. battery had been transformed into electricity in the wire, which had combined is a woman utterly out of her true time and place. After her death it took a Scale up the magnets and the wires; make them I intend to include a section on this matter Albert Einstein, (born March 14, 1879, Ulm, Wrttemberg, Germanydied April 18, 1955, Princeton, New Jersey, U.S.), German-born physicist who developed the special and general theories of relativity and won the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1921 for his explanation of the photoelectric effect. divorced Mileva and married his cousin. era of the Enlightenment, when intellectuals believed very firmly that the way Would you care to take a walk with me? He claims to have made a great E = mc2 is not about an old Einstein, it's about a young, energetic, dynamic, even a sexy Einstein. Bizarrely even OTTO HAHN: I, I actually knew. This docudrama examines the history of scientific discovery that lead up to Albert Einstein's famous equation E=mc2 and its aftermath in the creation of nuclear energy. if my eyes do not deceive me, consuming only milk this evening. 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